The intima layer of the artery lies just below the endothelium. Smooth muscle cells normally lie in the media layer of the artery. Smooth muscle cells are responsible for maintaining vascular tone. During the atherosclerosis process smooth muscle cells along with macrophages (foam cells) proliferate in the intima layer of the artery.
The process of migration, division and synthesis is referred to as intimal proliferation (buildup) and causes thickening of the intima. Smooth muscle cells from the media move (migrate) into the intima, these smooth muscle cells reproduce themselves (divide) and make (synthesize) connective tissue. Smooth muscle cells contribute to a substantial bulk of the atherosclerosis lesion which may protrude several millimeters above the surface of the intima. As such, the artery becomes narrow, which reduces blood flow to tissues. A narrow coronary artery will reduce blood flow (oxygen & nutrients) to the myocardium: the heart muscle.
The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells has a significant role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Resveratrol has been found to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture.* Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found in the skin of red grapes. Red wine is a rich source of resveratrol.
*Resveratrol Source:
Linus Pauling Institute
Oregon State University
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